Preface
Background
1.1 Heating and temperature
1.2 Some dilute gas relationships
1.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics
1.4 Heat capacity
1.5 An adiabatic process
1.6 The meaning of words
1.7 Essentials
Further reading
Problems
2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
2.1 Multiplicity
2.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
2.3 The power of the Second Law
2.4 Connecting multiplicity and energy transfer by heating
2.5 Some examples
2.6 Generalization
2.7 Entropy and disorder
2.8 Essentials
Further reading
Problems
Entropy and Efficiency
3.1 The most important thermodynamic cycle： the Carnot cycle
3.2 Maximum efficiency
3.3 A practical consequence
3.4 Rapid change
3.5 The simplified Otto cycle
3.6 More about reversibility
3.7 Essentials
Further reading
Problems
4 Entropy in Quantum Theory
4.1 The density of states
4.2 The quantum version of multiplicity
4.3 A general definition of temperature
4.4 Essentials
Problems
The Canonical Probability Distribution
5.1 Probabilities
5.2 Probabilities when the temperature is fixed
5.3 An example： spin paramagnetism
5.4 The partition function technique
5.5 The energy range 6E
5.6 The ideal gas, treated semi-classically
5.7 Theoretical threads
5.8 Essentials
Further reading
Problems
6 Photons and Phonons
6.1 The big picture
6.2 Electromagnetic waves and photons
6.3 Radiative flux
6.4 Entropy and evolution （optional）
6.5 Sound waves and phonons
6.6 Essentials
Further reading
Problems
7 The Chemical Potential
7.1 Discovering the chemical potential
7.2 Minimum free energy
7.3 A lemma for computing
7.4 Adsorption
7.5 Essentials
Further reading
Problems
8 The Quantum Ideal Gas
8.1 Coping with many particles all at once
8.2 Occupation numbers
8.3 Estimating the occupation numbers
8.4 Limits： classical and semi-classical
8.5 The nearly classical ideal gas （optional）
8.6 Essentials
Further reading
Problems
9 Fermions and Bosons at Low Temperature
9.1 Fermions at low temperature
9.2 Pauli paramagnetism （optional）
9.3 White dwarf stars （optional）
9.4 Bose-Einstein condensation： theory
9.5 Bose-Einstein condensation： experiments
9.6 A graphical comparison
9.7 Essentials
Further reading
Problems
10 The Free Energies
10.1 Generalities about an open system
10.2 Helmholtz free energy
10.3 More on understanding the chemical potential
10.4 Gibbs free energy
10.5 The minimum property
10.6 Why the phrase "free energy"?
10.7 Miscellany
10.8 Essentials
Further reading
Problems
11 Chemical Equilibrium
11.1 The kinetic view
11.2 A consequence of minimum free energy
11.3 The diatomic molecule
11.4 Thermal ionization
11.5 Another facet of chemical equilibrium
11.6 Creation and annihilation
11.7 Essentials
Further reading
Problems
12 Phase Equilibrium
12.1 Phase diagram
12.2 Latent heat
12.3 Conditions for coexistence
12.4 Gibbs-Duhem relation
12.5 Clausius-Clapeyron equation
12.6 Cooling by adiabatic compression （optional）
12.7 Gibbs phase rule （optional）
12.8 Isotherms
12.9 Van der Waals equation of state
12.10 Essentials
Further reading
Problems
13 The Classical Limit
13.1 Classical phase space
13.2 The Maxwellian gas
13.3 The equipartition theorem
13.4 Heat capacity of diatomic molecules
13.5 Essentials
Further reading
Problems
14 Approaching Zero
14.1 Entropy and probability
14.2 Entropy in parama gnetism
14.3 Cooling by adiabatic demagnetization
14.4 The Third Law of Thermodynamics
……
15 Transport Processes
16 Critical Pheneomena
Several aims guided me while I wrote. My first goal was to build from the familiar to the abstractModel and still get to entropy, conceived microscopically, in the second chapter. I sought to keep the book crisp and lean： derivations were to be succinct and simple; topics were to be those essential for physics and astronomy. From the professors perspective, a semester is a short time, and few undergraduate curricula can devote more than a semester to thermal physics.
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