Part One Linguistics in Antiquity
Chapter One The History of Linguistics Since Plato
1.1 Plato
1.1.1 Function of language
1.1.2 Nature versus convention
1.1.3 Idea and reality
1.1.4 Denotation and connotation
1.2 Aristotle
1.2.1 Rhetoric
1.2.2 Rational investigation of language
1.2.3 Categories
1.2.4 Form
1.2.5 Poetics
1.3 The Stoics
1.3.1 Logic
1.3.2 Signification, signifier and the name-bearer
1.4 The Alexandrian School
1.4.1 Meter and poetry
1.4.2 Dionysius Thrax
1.4.3 Apollonius Dyscolus
1.5 Roman linguistics
1.5.1 Varro
1.5.2 Priscian
1.6 Medieval linguistics
1.6.1 Speculative grammar
1.6.2 Modistae
1.7 Cartesian linguistics
1.7.1 Language is human-specific
1.7.2 Mind and body
1.7.3 Mind and ideas
1.7.4 Semantic interpretation versus phonetic interpretation
1.7.5 Universality and Port-Royal Grammar
1.8 HistoricaI-Comparative linguistics and Neogrammarian
1.8.1 Historical linguistics
1.8.2 Comparative linguistics
1.8.3 The Neogrammarians
1.9 Linguistics in ancient India
Chapter Two The History of Linguistics in China
2.1 The Philosophy of language
2.1.1 Laozi: Arbitrariness
2.1.2 Confucius: Zhengming
2.1.3 Mozi: Language utilitarianism
2.1.4 Mencius: Innate moral intuition
2.1.5 Later Mohist dialecticians
2.1.6 Gongsun Long and Hui Shi:The School of Names
2.1.7 Zhuangzi: Skeptical relativism
2.1.8 Xunzi: Confucian conventionalism
2.2 Phonology
2.2.1 Old Chinese pronunciation studies
2.2.2 The influence of Buddhism
2.2.3 Middle Chinese phonological studies
2.2.4 Phonological studies in Ming and Qing dynasties
2.3 Chinese orthography
2.3.1 The invention of Chinese characters
2.3.2 The Six Scripts
2.3.3 A Dictionary of Etymology
2.3.4 The Right Element Principle
2.3.5 The Qing period
2.4 Philology
2.4.1 Scope of the discipline
2.4.2 Han dynasty scholars
2.4.3 From Yuan to Qing dynasties
Part Two Structuralism
Chapter Three Saussure: The Path to Synchrony
3.1 Background
3.2 General ideas
3.2.1 Issues of comparative and historical linguistics
3.2.2 Sound and thought
3.2.3 The role of linguistics in semiology
3.2.4 Diachrony and synchrony in linguistics
3.2.5 The langue-parole dichotomy
3.2.6 Arbitrariness and linearity of signs
3.2.7 SyntagmaUc and associative relations
3.2.8 Values and differences
3.2.9 Syntagmatic and associative relations
3.3 Assessment
3.3.1 Merits
3.3.2 Issues
Chapter Four American Structuralism
4.1 Background
4.2 Franz Boas
4.3 Edward Sapir
4.3.1 Background
4.3.2 General ideas
4.3.3 Basic tenets
4.4 Leonard Bloomfield
4.4.1 Background
4.4.2 General ideas
4.4.3 The Bloomfieldian assumptions
4.5 OtherAmerican Structuralists
4.5.1 Sapir's followers
4.5.2 Post-Bloomfieldian scholars
4.6 Assessment
4.6.1 Merits
4.6.2 Issues
Part Three Pioneers in Functionalism
Chapter Five The Prague School
5.1 Background
5.2 General ideas
5.3 Basic tenets
5.3.1 System and function
5.3.2 Synchronic phonology
5.3.3 Theory of linguistic onomatology
5.3.4 Theory of functional syntax: the movement of the mind in FSP
5.3.5 Linguistics and poetics
5.4 Assessment
5.4.1 Merits
5.5.2 Issues
Chapter Six The Copenhagen School
6.1 Background
6.2 General ideas
6.3 Basic tenets
6.3.1 Language is a form, not a substance
6.3.2 The four areas of study within every language
6.3.3 Certain relations in the process and the system
6.3.4 No one-to-one correspondents between content and expression
6. 3. 5 Linguistic theory prescribes a textual analysis
6.4 Assessment
6.4.1 Merits
6.4.2 Issues
Chapter Seven The London School
7.1 Background
7.2 General ideas
7.2.1 Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski
7.2.2 Firth
7.3 Basic tenets
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