Essential C#2.0（英文版）
目 录内容简介
Contents
1 Introducing C# 1
Hello, World 2
Compiling and Running the Application 3
Managed Execution and the Common Language Infrastructure 4
C# Syntax Fundamentals 7
C# Keywords 7
Type Definition 9
Main 10
Statements and Statement Delimiters 12
Whitespace 13
Working with Variables 14
Data Types 15
Declaring a Variable 16
Assigning a Variable 16
Using a Variable 18
Console Input and Output 18
Getting Input from the Console 18
Writing Output to the Console 20
Comments 22
Common Intermediate Language and ILDASM 25
2 Data Types 29
Fundamental Numeric Types 30
Integer Types 30
Floating-Point Types (float, double) 31
Decimal Type 32
Literal Values 33
More Fundamental Types 38
Boolean Type (bool) 38
Character Type (char) 39
Strings 41
null and void 49
null 49
The void Nontype 50
Categories of Types 50
Value Types 50
Reference Types 51
Nullable Modifier 53
Conversions between Data Types 53
Explicit Cast 54
Implicit Cast 57
Type Conversion without Casting 58
Arrays 60
Declaring an Array 60
Instantiating and Assigning Arrays 61
Using an Array 65
Strings as Arrays 71
Common Errors 73
3 Operators and Control Flow 77
Operators 78
Plus and Minus Unary Operators (+, -) 78
Arithmetic Binary Operators (+, -, *, /, %) 79
Parenthesis Operator 86
Assignment Operators (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=) 87
Increment and Decrement Operators (++, --) 88
Constant Expressions (const) 92
Introducing Flow Control 92
if Statement 96
Nested if 97
Code Blocks ({}) 99
Scope 101
Boolean Expressions 102
Relational and Equality Operators 103
Logical Boolean Operators 104
Logical Negation Operator (!) 106
Conditional Operator (?) 107
Bitwise Operators (>, |, &, ^, ~) 108
Shift Operators (>, >=) 109
Bitwise Operators (&, |, ^) 110
Bitwise Assignment Operators (&=, |=, ^=) 112
Bitwise Complement Operator (~) 113
Control Flow Statements, Continued 113
The while and do/while Loops 113
The for loop 116
The foreach Loop 119
The switch Statement 122
Jump Statements 124
The break Statement 124
The continue Statement 127
The goto Statement 128
C# Preprocessor Directives 130
Excluding and Including Code (#if, #elif, #else, #endif) 131
Defining Preprocessor Symbols (#define, #undef) 132
Emitting Errors and Warnings (#error, #warning) 133
Turning Off Warning Messages (#pragma) 134
nowarn: Option 134
Specifying Line Numbers (#line) 135
Hints for Visual Editors (#region, #endregion) 135
4 Methods and Parameters 139
Calling a Method 140
Namespace 142
Type Name 144
Scope 144
Method Name 145
Parameters 145
Method Return 145
Statement versus Method Call 146
Declaring a Method 146
Parameter Declaration 148
Method Return Declaration 149
The using Directive 151
Aliasing 154
Returns and Parameters on Main() 155
Parameters 158
Value Parameters 158
Reference Parameters (ref) 160
Output Parameters (out) 161
Parameter Arrays (params) 163
Recursion 166
Method Overloading 169
Basic Error Handling with Exceptions 171
Trapping Errors 173
Reporting Errors Using a throw Statement 181
5 Classes 185
Defining and Instantiating a Class 189
Instance Fields 193
Declaring an Instance Field 193
Accessing an Instance Field 194
Instance Methods 195
Using the this Keyword 196
Access Modifiers 202
Constructors 204
Declaring a Constructor 205
Default Constructors 206
Overloading Constructors 208
Calling Another Constructor Using this 209
Static 211
Static Fields 212
Static Methods 215
Static Constructors 215
Static Classes 216
const and readonly Modifiers 218
const 218
readonly 219
Properties 220
Declaring a Property 221
Naming Conventions 224
Static Properties 225
Using Properties with Validation 225
Read-Only and Write-Only Properties 227
Access Modifiers on Getters and Setters 228
Properties as Virtual Fields 229
Properties and Method Calls Not Allowed as ref or out Parameter Values 232
Nested Classes 232
Partial Classes 234
6 Inheritance 237
Derivation 238
Casting between Base and Derived Types 241
Support for Parameter Covariance and Contravariance 243
private Access Modifier 244
protected Access Modifier 245
Single Inheritance 246
Sealed Classes 250
Overriding the Base Class 250
virtual Modifier 251
new Modifier 256
sealed Modifier 260
base Member 261
Constructors 262
Abstract Classes 263
Everything Ultimately Derives from System.Object 268
Verifying the Underlying Type with the is Operator 270
Conversion Using the as Operator 271
7 Interfaces 273
Introducing Interfaces 274
Polymorphism through Interfaces 275
Interface Implementation 279
Explicit Member Implementation 281
Implicit Member Implementation 282
Explicit versus Implicit Interface Implementation 283
Casting between the Implementing Class and Its Interfaces 284
Interface Inheritance 285
Multiple Interface Inheritance 287
Implementing Multiple Inheritance via Interfaces 288
Versioning 291
Interfaces Compared with Classes 293
8 Value Types 297
Structs 298
Initializing structs 302
Using the default Operator 304
Inheritance and Interfaces with Value Types 304
Boxing 305
Enums 311
Type Compatibility between Enums 315
Converting between Enums and Strings 315
Enums as Flags 316
9 Well-Formed Types 323
Overriding object Members 323
Overriding ToString() 324
Overriding GetHashCode() 324
Overriding Equals() 326
Guidelines for Implementing Equality 333
Operator Overloading 334
Comparison Operators (==, !=, , =) 334
Binary Operators (+, -, *, /, %, &, |, ^, >) 335
Combining Assignment with Binary Operators (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=, &=...) 337
Conditional Logical Operators (&&, ||) 337
Unary Operators (+, -, !, ~, ++, --, true, false) 338
Conversion Operators 339
Guidelines for Conversion Operators 340
Referencing Other Assemblies 341
Changing the Assembly Target 342
Encapsulation of Types 343
Referencing an Assembly 345
Defining Namespaces 346
Namespace Alias Qualifier 348
XML Comments 349
Associating XML Comments with Programming Constructs 350
Generating an XML Documentation File 352
Garbage Collection 353
Weak References 355
Resource Cleanup 356
Finalizers 357
Deterministic Finalization with the using Statement 359
Garbage Collection and Finalization 362
Resource Utilization and Finalization Guidelines 363
10 Exception Handling 365
Multiple Exception Types 365
Catching Exceptions 367
General Catch Block 368
Guidelines for Exception Handling 371
Defining Custom Exceptions 373
11 Generics 379
C# without Generics 380
Introducing Generic Types 385
Using a Generic Class 385
Defining a Simple Generic Class 387
Benefits of Generics 388
Type Parameter Naming Guidelines 389
Generic Interfaces and Structs 389
Defining a Constructor and a Finalizer 392
Specifying a Default Value 393
Multiple Type Parameters 394
Nested Generic Types 395
Type Compatibility between Generic Classes with Type-Compatible Type Parameters 396
Constraints 396
Interface Constraints 400
Base Class Constraints 401
struct/class Constraints 402
Multiple Constraints 403
Constructor Constraints 404
Constraint Inheritance 405
Generic Methods 409
Type Inferencing 411
Specifying Constraints 412
Generic Internals 413
Instantiating Generics Based on Value Types 415
Instantiating Generics Based on Reference Types 416
12 Collections 419
Primary Collection Classes 420
List Collections: List and ArrayList 420
Dictionary Collections: Dictionary and Hashtable 425
Sorted Collections: SortedDictionary and SortedList 429
Stack Collections: Stack and Stack 431
Queue Collections: Queue and Queue 432
Linked Lists: LinkedList 433
Introducing Collection Class Interfaces 433
IList versus IDictionary 434
IComparable 435
ICollection 438
Iterating Using a foreach Loop 438
Providing an Index Operator 444
Returning Null or an Empty Collection 448
Iterators 448
Defining an Iterator 449
Iterator Syntax 450
Yielding Values from an Iterator 451
Iterators and State 453
More Iterator Examples 455
Placing a yield return within a Loop 456
Canceling Further Iteration: yield break 459
Creating Multiple Iterators in a Single Class 461
yield Statement Characteristics 462
13 Delegates and Events 465
Method Pointers 466
Defining the Scenario 466
Delegate Data Types 468
Delegate Internals 469
Defining a Delegate Type 470
Instantiating a Delegate 471
Anonymous Methods 475
Outer Variables 479
Multicast Delegates and the Observer Pattern 482
Coding the Observer Pattern with Delegates 482
Sequential Invocation 490
Events 496
Why Events? 496
Declaring an Event 498
Coding Conventions 500
Generics and Delegates 501
Customizing the Event Implementation 505
14 Reflection and Attributes 509
Refiection 510
Accessing Metadata Using System.Type 511
Member Invocation 513
Refiection on Generic Types 517
Attributes 520
Custom Attributes 524
Looking for Attributes 525
Initializing an Attribute through a Constructor 526
System.AttributeUsageAttribute 531
Named Parameters 532
15 Multithreading 549
Running and Controlling a Separate Thread 552
Starting a Thread 553
Thread Management 555
Passing Parameters to Threads 557
Thread Pooling 561
Unhandled Exceptions 563
Synchronization 565
Synchronization Using Monitor 568
Using the lock Keyword 570
Choosing a lock Object 571
Why to Avoid Locking on this and typeof(type) 572
Declaring Fields as volatile 573
Using the System.Threading.Interlocked Class 573
Event Notification with Multiple Threads 575
Synchronization Design Best Practices 576
More Synchronization Types 578
Timers 584
16 Multithreading Patterns 591
Asynchronous Results Pattern 592
Introducing the Asynchronous Results Pattern 593
Passing Data to and from an Alternate Thread 595
Receiving Notification of Thread Completion 600
Passing Arbitrary State 603
Asynchronous Results Conclusions 605
Background Worker Pattern 606
Establishing the Pattern 609
Exception Handling 610
Windows Forms 611
17 Platform Interoperability and Unsafe Code 615
Platform Invoke 616
Declaring External Functions 617
Parameter Data Types 618
Using ref Rather Than Pointers 619
Using StructLayoutAttribute for Sequential Layout 620
Error Handling 621
Using SafeHandle 623
Calling External Functions 626
Simplifying API Calls with Wrappers 628
Function Pointers Map to Delegates 629
Guidelines 629
Pointers and Addresses 630
Unsafe Code 630
Pointer Declaration 632
Assigning a Pointer 634
Dereferencing a Pointer 636
Accessing the Member of a Referent Type 638
18 The Common Language Infrastructure 641
Defining the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) 642
CLI Implementations 643
C# Compilation to Machine Code 644
Runtime 647
Garbage Collection 647
Garbage Collection on .NET 648
Type Safety 649
Code Access Security 650
Platform Portability 650
Performance 651
Application Domains 652
Assemblies, Manifests, and Modules 653
Common Intermediate Language (CIL) 656
Common Type System (CTS) 656
Common Language Specification (CLS) 657
Base Class Library (BCL) 658
Metadata 658
A Downloading and Installing the C# Compiler and the CLI Platform 663
B Complete Source Code Listings 667
C C# 2.0 Topics 693
Index 697
1 Introducing C# 1
Hello, World 2
Compiling and Running the Application 3
Managed Execution and the Common Language Infrastructure 4
C# Syntax Fundamentals 7
C# Keywords 7
Type Definition 9
Main 10
Statements and Statement Delimiters 12
Whitespace 13
Working with Variables 14
Data Types 15
Declaring a Variable 16
Assigning a Variable 16
Using a Variable 18
Console Input and Output 18
Getting Input from the Console 18
Writing Output to the Console 20
Comments 22
Common Intermediate Language and ILDASM 25
2 Data Types 29
Fundamental Numeric Types 30
Integer Types 30
Floating-Point Types (float, double) 31
Decimal Type 32
Literal Values 33
More Fundamental Types 38
Boolean Type (bool) 38
Character Type (char) 39
Strings 41
null and void 49
null 49
The void Nontype 50
Categories of Types 50
Value Types 50
Reference Types 51
Nullable Modifier 53
Conversions between Data Types 53
Explicit Cast 54
Implicit Cast 57
Type Conversion without Casting 58
Arrays 60
Declaring an Array 60
Instantiating and Assigning Arrays 61
Using an Array 65
Strings as Arrays 71
Common Errors 73
3 Operators and Control Flow 77
Operators 78
Plus and Minus Unary Operators (+, -) 78
Arithmetic Binary Operators (+, -, *, /, %) 79
Parenthesis Operator 86
Assignment Operators (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=) 87
Increment and Decrement Operators (++, --) 88
Constant Expressions (const) 92
Introducing Flow Control 92
if Statement 96
Nested if 97
Code Blocks ({}) 99
Scope 101
Boolean Expressions 102
Relational and Equality Operators 103
Logical Boolean Operators 104
Logical Negation Operator (!) 106
Conditional Operator (?) 107
Bitwise Operators (>, |, &, ^, ~) 108
Shift Operators (>, >=) 109
Bitwise Operators (&, |, ^) 110
Bitwise Assignment Operators (&=, |=, ^=) 112
Bitwise Complement Operator (~) 113
Control Flow Statements, Continued 113
The while and do/while Loops 113
The for loop 116
The foreach Loop 119
The switch Statement 122
Jump Statements 124
The break Statement 124
The continue Statement 127
The goto Statement 128
C# Preprocessor Directives 130
Excluding and Including Code (#if, #elif, #else, #endif) 131
Defining Preprocessor Symbols (#define, #undef) 132
Emitting Errors and Warnings (#error, #warning) 133
Turning Off Warning Messages (#pragma) 134
nowarn: Option 134
Specifying Line Numbers (#line) 135
Hints for Visual Editors (#region, #endregion) 135
4 Methods and Parameters 139
Calling a Method 140
Namespace 142
Type Name 144
Scope 144
Method Name 145
Parameters 145
Method Return 145
Statement versus Method Call 146
Declaring a Method 146
Parameter Declaration 148
Method Return Declaration 149
The using Directive 151
Aliasing 154
Returns and Parameters on Main() 155
Parameters 158
Value Parameters 158
Reference Parameters (ref) 160
Output Parameters (out) 161
Parameter Arrays (params) 163
Recursion 166
Method Overloading 169
Basic Error Handling with Exceptions 171
Trapping Errors 173
Reporting Errors Using a throw Statement 181
5 Classes 185
Defining and Instantiating a Class 189
Instance Fields 193
Declaring an Instance Field 193
Accessing an Instance Field 194
Instance Methods 195
Using the this Keyword 196
Access Modifiers 202
Constructors 204
Declaring a Constructor 205
Default Constructors 206
Overloading Constructors 208
Calling Another Constructor Using this 209
Static 211
Static Fields 212
Static Methods 215
Static Constructors 215
Static Classes 216
const and readonly Modifiers 218
const 218
readonly 219
Properties 220
Declaring a Property 221
Naming Conventions 224
Static Properties 225
Using Properties with Validation 225
Read-Only and Write-Only Properties 227
Access Modifiers on Getters and Setters 228
Properties as Virtual Fields 229
Properties and Method Calls Not Allowed as ref or out Parameter Values 232
Nested Classes 232
Partial Classes 234
6 Inheritance 237
Derivation 238
Casting between Base and Derived Types 241
Support for Parameter Covariance and Contravariance 243
private Access Modifier 244
protected Access Modifier 245
Single Inheritance 246
Sealed Classes 250
Overriding the Base Class 250
virtual Modifier 251
new Modifier 256
sealed Modifier 260
base Member 261
Constructors 262
Abstract Classes 263
Everything Ultimately Derives from System.Object 268
Verifying the Underlying Type with the is Operator 270
Conversion Using the as Operator 271
7 Interfaces 273
Introducing Interfaces 274
Polymorphism through Interfaces 275
Interface Implementation 279
Explicit Member Implementation 281
Implicit Member Implementation 282
Explicit versus Implicit Interface Implementation 283
Casting between the Implementing Class and Its Interfaces 284
Interface Inheritance 285
Multiple Interface Inheritance 287
Implementing Multiple Inheritance via Interfaces 288
Versioning 291
Interfaces Compared with Classes 293
8 Value Types 297
Structs 298
Initializing structs 302
Using the default Operator 304
Inheritance and Interfaces with Value Types 304
Boxing 305
Enums 311
Type Compatibility between Enums 315
Converting between Enums and Strings 315
Enums as Flags 316
9 Well-Formed Types 323
Overriding object Members 323
Overriding ToString() 324
Overriding GetHashCode() 324
Overriding Equals() 326
Guidelines for Implementing Equality 333
Operator Overloading 334
Comparison Operators (==, !=, , =) 334
Binary Operators (+, -, *, /, %, &, |, ^, >) 335
Combining Assignment with Binary Operators (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=, &=...) 337
Conditional Logical Operators (&&, ||) 337
Unary Operators (+, -, !, ~, ++, --, true, false) 338
Conversion Operators 339
Guidelines for Conversion Operators 340
Referencing Other Assemblies 341
Changing the Assembly Target 342
Encapsulation of Types 343
Referencing an Assembly 345
Defining Namespaces 346
Namespace Alias Qualifier 348
XML Comments 349
Associating XML Comments with Programming Constructs 350
Generating an XML Documentation File 352
Garbage Collection 353
Weak References 355
Resource Cleanup 356
Finalizers 357
Deterministic Finalization with the using Statement 359
Garbage Collection and Finalization 362
Resource Utilization and Finalization Guidelines 363
10 Exception Handling 365
Multiple Exception Types 365
Catching Exceptions 367
General Catch Block 368
Guidelines for Exception Handling 371
Defining Custom Exceptions 373
11 Generics 379
C# without Generics 380
Introducing Generic Types 385
Using a Generic Class 385
Defining a Simple Generic Class 387
Benefits of Generics 388
Type Parameter Naming Guidelines 389
Generic Interfaces and Structs 389
Defining a Constructor and a Finalizer 392
Specifying a Default Value 393
Multiple Type Parameters 394
Nested Generic Types 395
Type Compatibility between Generic Classes with Type-Compatible Type Parameters 396
Constraints 396
Interface Constraints 400
Base Class Constraints 401
struct/class Constraints 402
Multiple Constraints 403
Constructor Constraints 404
Constraint Inheritance 405
Generic Methods 409
Type Inferencing 411
Specifying Constraints 412
Generic Internals 413
Instantiating Generics Based on Value Types 415
Instantiating Generics Based on Reference Types 416
12 Collections 419
Primary Collection Classes 420
List Collections: List and ArrayList 420
Dictionary Collections: Dictionary and Hashtable 425
Sorted Collections: SortedDictionary and SortedList 429
Stack Collections: Stack and Stack 431
Queue Collections: Queue and Queue 432
Linked Lists: LinkedList 433
Introducing Collection Class Interfaces 433
IList versus IDictionary 434
IComparable 435
ICollection 438
Iterating Using a foreach Loop 438
Providing an Index Operator 444
Returning Null or an Empty Collection 448
Iterators 448
Defining an Iterator 449
Iterator Syntax 450
Yielding Values from an Iterator 451
Iterators and State 453
More Iterator Examples 455
Placing a yield return within a Loop 456
Canceling Further Iteration: yield break 459
Creating Multiple Iterators in a Single Class 461
yield Statement Characteristics 462
13 Delegates and Events 465
Method Pointers 466
Defining the Scenario 466
Delegate Data Types 468
Delegate Internals 469
Defining a Delegate Type 470
Instantiating a Delegate 471
Anonymous Methods 475
Outer Variables 479
Multicast Delegates and the Observer Pattern 482
Coding the Observer Pattern with Delegates 482
Sequential Invocation 490
Events 496
Why Events? 496
Declaring an Event 498
Coding Conventions 500
Generics and Delegates 501
Customizing the Event Implementation 505
14 Reflection and Attributes 509
Refiection 510
Accessing Metadata Using System.Type 511
Member Invocation 513
Refiection on Generic Types 517
Attributes 520
Custom Attributes 524
Looking for Attributes 525
Initializing an Attribute through a Constructor 526
System.AttributeUsageAttribute 531
Named Parameters 532
15 Multithreading 549
Running and Controlling a Separate Thread 552
Starting a Thread 553
Thread Management 555
Passing Parameters to Threads 557
Thread Pooling 561
Unhandled Exceptions 563
Synchronization 565
Synchronization Using Monitor 568
Using the lock Keyword 570
Choosing a lock Object 571
Why to Avoid Locking on this and typeof(type) 572
Declaring Fields as volatile 573
Using the System.Threading.Interlocked Class 573
Event Notification with Multiple Threads 575
Synchronization Design Best Practices 576
More Synchronization Types 578
Timers 584
16 Multithreading Patterns 591
Asynchronous Results Pattern 592
Introducing the Asynchronous Results Pattern 593
Passing Data to and from an Alternate Thread 595
Receiving Notification of Thread Completion 600
Passing Arbitrary State 603
Asynchronous Results Conclusions 605
Background Worker Pattern 606
Establishing the Pattern 609
Exception Handling 610
Windows Forms 611
17 Platform Interoperability and Unsafe Code 615
Platform Invoke 616
Declaring External Functions 617
Parameter Data Types 618
Using ref Rather Than Pointers 619
Using StructLayoutAttribute for Sequential Layout 620
Error Handling 621
Using SafeHandle 623
Calling External Functions 626
Simplifying API Calls with Wrappers 628
Function Pointers Map to Delegates 629
Guidelines 629
Pointers and Addresses 630
Unsafe Code 630
Pointer Declaration 632
Assigning a Pointer 634
Dereferencing a Pointer 636
Accessing the Member of a Referent Type 638
18 The Common Language Infrastructure 641
Defining the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) 642
CLI Implementations 643
C# Compilation to Machine Code 644
Runtime 647
Garbage Collection 647
Garbage Collection on .NET 648
Type Safety 649
Code Access Security 650
Platform Portability 650
Performance 651
Application Domains 652
Assemblies, Manifests, and Modules 653
Common Intermediate Language (CIL) 656
Common Type System (CTS) 656
Common Language Specification (CLS) 657
Base Class Library (BCL) 658
Metadata 658
A Downloading and Installing the C# Compiler and the CLI Platform 663
B Complete Source Code Listings 667
C C# 2.0 Topics 693
Index 697
目 录内容简介
《Essential C#2.0（英文版）》以大量实例，详尽地阐述了C# 2.0的核心特性，指导方针和最佳实践。书中代码采用了专门的格式，并采用 “知识地图”的形式概括出每一章的主要内容。
《Essential C#2.0（英文版）》全面讲解了C#语言，读者从中能够学到：C#基本数据类型、值类型、引用类型、类型转换和数组；运算符、控制流、循环、条件逻辑和顺序编程；方法、参数、异常处理和结构化编程；类、遗传、结构接口和面向对象编程；结构良好的类型、运算符重载、命名空间和垃圾回收；泛型、集合和迭代子；映射、属性和声明性编程；线程、同步和多线程模式；互操作性和不安全代码；C#通用语言基础结构(CLI)。
《Essential C#2.0（英文版）》内容全面系统，并经过精心编排，相信无论是初学编程的新手、有其他语言编程经验的开发者或是专业C#程序员，阅读《Essential C#2.0（英文版）》都将受益匪浅。
《Essential C#2.0（英文版）》全面讲解了C#语言，读者从中能够学到：C#基本数据类型、值类型、引用类型、类型转换和数组；运算符、控制流、循环、条件逻辑和顺序编程；方法、参数、异常处理和结构化编程；类、遗传、结构接口和面向对象编程；结构良好的类型、运算符重载、命名空间和垃圾回收；泛型、集合和迭代子；映射、属性和声明性编程；线程、同步和多线程模式；互操作性和不安全代码；C#通用语言基础结构(CLI)。
《Essential C#2.0（英文版）》内容全面系统，并经过精心编排，相信无论是初学编程的新手、有其他语言编程经验的开发者或是专业C#程序员，阅读《Essential C#2.0（英文版）》都将受益匪浅。
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