Unit 1 Features of Academic Writing
1.1 Complexity
1.2 Formality
1.3 Objectivity
1.4 Explicitness
1.5 Hedging
Unit 2 Critical Reading and Writing
2.1 Reading Critically
2.2 Reading like a Writer
2.3 Writing like a Reader
2.4 Suggestions on Reading Critically
Language Focus （1）：Taking a Stance
Language Focus （2）：Nominalization
Unit 3 The Front Matter of a Research Paper
3.1 Overview of the Research Paper
3.2 Acknowledgements
Language Focus （3）： Patterns of Gratitude Expressions
3.3 Titles
3.4 Abstracts
Language Focus （4）： Linguistic Features of Abstracts
Unit 4 The Body of a Research Paper （1）
4.1 Introduction Sections
4.2 Claiming Centrality
4.3 Creating a Research Space
4.4 Occupying the Research Space
4.5 Reviewing the Literature
Language Focus （5）： Citation and Attribution
Language Focus （6）： Reporting Verbs
Unit 5 The Body of a Research Paper （2）
5.1 Methods Sections
Language Focus （7）： Imperatives in Research Papers
5.2 Results Sections
Language Focus （8）： Epistemic Stance Markers
5.3 Discussion Sections
Language Focus （9）： Sentence Adverbs
5.4 Conclusion Sections
Unit 6 Writing Data Commentaries
6.1 Strength of Claim
6.2 Structure of Data Commentaries
Language Focus （10）： Attitudinal and Style Stance Markers
6.3 Moderating a Claim
6.4 Concluding a Commentary
6.5 Dealing with Diagrams and Illustrations
Unit 7 Writing Summaries
7.1 Pointers for Summary Writing
7.2 Avoiding Plagiarism
Language Focus （11）： Passive Voice
Language Focus （12）： Conditional Tenses
Unit 8 Critiques， Reviews and Reactions
8.1 Writing Critiques
Language Focus （13）： Scare Quotes
8.2 Reviews
Language Focus （14）： Shell Nouns
8.3 Reaction papers
Language Focus （15）： Metadiscourse Devices
References
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