1 Surface Engineering of Polymer Membranes: An Introduction
2 Techniques for Membrane Surface Characterization
2.1 General Principles
2.1.1 Sample Preparation
2.1.2 Where is the Surface?
2.1.3 Is it Really the Surface?
2.1.4 Invasive or Non-invasive
2.2 Chemical Composition of Membrane Surfaces
2.2.1 Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy
2.2.2 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
2.2.3 Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SSIMS)
2.2.4 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS)
2.3 Morphologies and Microstructures of Membrane. Surfaces
2.3.1 Surface Morphology of Membran
2.3.2 Introduction to Microscopy
2.3.3 Basic Conceptions in Microscopy
2.3.4 Optical Microscopy
2.3.5 Laser Confocal Scanning Microscopy (LCSM)
2.3.6 Scanning Electron Microscope
2.3.7 Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.3.8 Atomic Force Microscopy
2.4 Wettability of Membrane Surfaces
2.4.1 Wettability and Surface Properties of Membrane
2.4.2 Principle of Contact Angle
2.4.3 Methods for Contact Angle Measurement
2.4.4 Contact Angle Hysteresis
2.4.5 Factors Influencing the Contact Angle on Membrane Surfaces
2.5 Characterization of Biocompatibility of Membrane Surfaces
2.5.1 Non-specific Adsorption of Proteins
2.5.2 Interactions between Blood and Membrane
2.5.3 Interactions Between Cells and Membrane
References
3 Functionalization Methods for Membrane Surfaces
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Functionalization of Polymeric Membranes by Surface Modification
3.2.1 Coating
3.2.2 Self-assembly
3.2.3 Chemical Treatment
3.2.4 Plasma Treatment
3.2.5 Graft Polymerization
3.3 Functionalization of Polymeric Membrane by Molecular Imprinting
3.3.1 Formation of Imprinting Sites by Surface Photografting
3.3.2 Formation of Imprinting Sites by Surface Deposition
3.3.3 Formation of Imprinting Sites by Emulsion Polymerization on the Surface
3.4 Functionalization of Polymeric Membrane by Enzyme Immobilization
3.4.1 Enzyme hmnobilization by Physical Absorption
3.4.2 Enzyme Immobilization by Chemical Binding
3.4.3 Enzyme Immobilization by Entrapment
3.4.4 Other Methods for Enzyme Immobilization
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Surface Modification by Graft Polymerization
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Graft Polymerization on Membranes
4.2.1 Surface Modification by Chemical Graft Polymerization
4.2.2 Surface Modification by Plasma-induced Graft Polymerization
4.2.3 Surface Modification by UV-induced Graft Polymerization
4.2.4 Surface Modification by High-energy Radiation- initiated Graft
4.2.5 Other Methods
4.3 Applications of Surface Modified Membranes
4.3.1 Environmental Stimuli-responsive Gating Membranes
4.3.2 Antifouling Membranes
4.3.3 Adsorption Membranes
4.3.4 Pcrwporation and Reverse Osmosis
4.3.5 Membranes for Energy Conversion Applications
4.3.6 Nanofiltration Membrane Preparation
4.3.7 Gas Separation
4.3.8 Biomedical and Biological Applications
4.4 Conclusion
Referenccs
5 Surface Modification by Macromolecule Immobilization
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Immobilization with Synthctic Polymers
5.2.1 Polycthylenc Glycol (PEG)
5.2.2 PolyN-vinyl-2-pyrrolidonc) (PNVP)
5.2.3 Other Synthetic Polymers
5.3 Biomacromolecules
5.3.1 Non-immune Proteins
5.3.2 Antibodies (IgGs)
5.3.3 DNAs
5.4 Conclusion
References
6 Membranes with Phospholipid Analogous Surfaces
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Structure and Function of Biolnembranes
6.3 Biocompatibility of the Phospholipid
6.4 Synthesis of Phospholipid Analogous Polymers
6.4.1 Side Chain Type of Phospholipid Analogous Polymers
6.4.2 Backbone Chain Types of Phospholipid Analogous Polymers
6.4.3 Other Phospholipid Analogous Polymers
6.5 Surface Modification of Polymeric Membrane with Phospholipid
6.5.1 Surface Adsorption and Coating
6.5.2 Physical Blending
6.5.3 Surface Grafting Polymerization
6.5.4 In-,situ Polymerization
6.5.5 Surface Chelnical Treatment
6.6 Conclusion
References
7 Membranes with Glycosylated Surface
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Surface Modification with Natural Polysaccharides
7.2.1 Heparin
7.2.2 Chitosan
7.3 Surface Modification with Synthetic Glycopolymers
7.3.1 Glycosylation by UV-induced polymerization
7.3.2 Glycosylation by Polymer Analogous Reactions
7.3.3 Glycosylation by Surface Initiated Living Polymerization
7.4 Conclusion
References
8 Molecularly Imprinted Membranes
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Development of Molecular hnprinting Technology
8.1.2 Basic Theory of Molecular hnprinting Technology
8.2 Preparation Methods and Morphologies of Molecularly hnprinted Membranes
8.2.1 Bulk Polymerization
8.2.2 Physical Mixing
8.2.3 Surface hnprinting
8.3 Separation Mechanism of Molecularly hnprinted Membranes
8.3.1 Facilitated and Retarded Permeation
8.3.2 Gate Effect
8.4 Potential Applications of Molecularly Imprinted Membranes
8.4.1 Separation Technology
8.4.2 Sensor and Controlled Release
8.5 Conclusion and Outlook
References
9 Membrane with Biocatalytic Surface
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Enzyme Immobilization
9.2.1 Natural Polymer-based Membranes
9.2.2 Synthetic Polymer-based Membranes
9.3 Applications
9.3.1 Membrane Bioreactor
9.3.2 Biosensor
9.4 Conclusion and Outlook
References
10 Nanofibrous Membrane with Functionalized Surface
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Principal and Fundamental Aspects
10.1.2 Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers
10.2 Nanofibrous Membrane Functionalization
10.2.1 Biocatalytic Electrospun Membrane
10.2.2 Affinity Elcctrospun Membrane
10.3 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Index
Surface Engineering of Polymer Membranes covers the processes that modify membrane surfaces to improve their in-service performance,meaning, to confer surface properties which are different from the bulk properties. Purposes may be to minimize fouling, modulate hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity； enhance biocompatibility, create diffusion barriers, providefunctionalities, mimic biomembranes,fabricate nanostructures, etc. First, the basics of surface engineering of polymer membranes are covered. Then topics such as surface modification by graft polymerization and macromolecule im-mobilization, biomimetic surfaces, enzyme immobilization, molecular recognition, and nanostructured surfaces are discussed. This book provides a unique synthesis of the knowledge of the role of surface chemistry and physics in membrane science.
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