交换代数（英文影印版）
目 录内容简介
Introduction
Advice for the Beginner
Information for the Expert
Prerequisites
Sources
Courses
Acknowledgements
0 Elementary Definitions
0.1 Rings and Ideals
0.2 Unique Factorization
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Advice for the Beginner
Information for the Expert
Prerequisites
Sources
Courses
Acknowledgements
0 Elementary Definitions
0.1 Rings and Ideals
0.2 Unique Factorization
查看完整
目 录内容简介
This book provides an introduction to Lie groups, Lie algebras, and representation theory, aimed at graduate students in mathematics and physics.Although there are already several excellent books that cover many of the same topics, this book has two distinctive features that I hope will make it a useful addition to the literature. First, it treats Lie groups (not just Lie alge bras) in a way that minimizes the amount of ma…
查看完整
查看完整
目 录内容简介
Introduction
Advice for the Beginner
Information for the Expert
Prerequisites
Sources
Courses
Acknowledgements
0 Elementary Definitions
0.1 Rings and Ideals
0.2 Unique Factorization
0.3 Modules
Ⅰ Basic Constructions
1 Roots of Commutative Algebra
1.1 Number Theory
1.2 Algebraic Curves and Fhnction Theory
1.3 Invariant Theory
1.4 The Basis Theorem
1.5 Graded Rings
1.6 Algebra and Geometry： The Nullstellensatz
1.7 Geometric Invariant Theory
1.8 Projective Varieties
1.9 Hilbert Functions and Polynomials
1.10 Free Resolutions and the Syzygy Theorem
1.11 Exercises
2 Localization
2.1 Fractions
2.2 Horn and Tensor
2.3 The Construction of Primes
2.4 Rings and Modules of Finite Length
2.5 Products of Domains
2.6 Exercises
3 Associated Primes and Primary Decomposition
3.1 Associated Primes
3.2 Prime Avoidance
3.3 Primary Decomposition
3.4 Primary Decomposition and Factoriality
3.5 Primary Decomposition in the Graded Case
3.6 Extracting Information from Primary Decomposition
3.7 Why Primary Decomposition Is Not Unique
3.8 Geometric Interpretation of Primary Decomposition
3.9 Symbolic Powers and Functions Vanishing to High Order
3.10 Exercises
4 Integral Dependence and the Nullstellensatz
4.1 The Cayley-Hamilton Theorem and Nakayamas Lemma
4.2 Normal Domains and the Normalization Process
4.3 Normalization in the Analytic Case
4.4 Primes in an Integral Extension
4.5 The Nullstellensatz
4.6 Exercises
5 Filtrations and the Artin-Rees Lemma
5.1 Associated Graded Rings and Modules
5.2 The Blowup Algebra
5.3 The Krull Intersection Theorem
5.4 The Tangent Cone
5.5 Exercises
6 Flat Families
6.1 Elementary Examples
6.2 Introduction to Tor
6.3 Criteria for Flatness
6.4 The Local Criterion for Flatness
6.5 The Rees Algebra
6.6 Exercises
7 Completions and Hensels Lemma
7.1 Examples and Definitions
7.2 The Utility of Completions
7.3 Lifting Idempotents
7.4 Cohen Structure Theory and Coefficient Fields
7.5 Basic Properties of Completion
7.6 Maps from Power Series Rings
7.7 Exercises
Ⅱ Dimension Theory
8 Introduction to Dimension Theory
8.1 Axioms for Dimension
8.2 Other Characterizations of Dimension Fundamental Definitions of Dimension Theory
9.1 Dimension Zero
9.2 Exercises
10 The Principal Ideal Theorem and Systems of Parameters
10.1 Systems of Parameters and Ideals of Finite Colength
10.2 Dimension of Base and Fiber
10.3 Regular Local Rings
10.4 Exercises
11 Dimension and Codimension One
11.1 Discrete Valuation Rings
11.2 Normal Rings and Serres Criterion
11.3 Invertible Modules
11.4 Unique Factorization of Codimension-One Ideals
11.5 Divisors and Multiplicities
11.6 Multiplicity of Principal Ideals
11.7 Exercises
12 Dimension and Hilbert-Samuel Polynomials
12.1 Hilbert-Samuel Functions
12.2 Exercises
13 The Dimension of Affine Rings
13.1 Noether Normalization
13.2 The Nullstellensatz
13.3 Finiteness of the Integral Closure
13.4 Exercises
14 Elimination Theory， Generic Freeness， and the Dimension of Fibers
14.1 Elimination Theory
14.2 Generic Preeness
14.3 The Dimension of Fibers
14.4 Exercises
15 GrSbner Bases
15.1 Monomials and Terms
15.2 Monomial Orders
15.3 The Division Algorithm
15.4 Gr5bner Bases
15.5 Syzygies
15.6 History of Gr5bner Bases
15.7 A Property of Reverse Lexicographic Order
15.8 Gr5bner Bases and Flat Families
15.9 Generic Initial Ideals
15.10 Applications
15.11 Exercises
15.12 Appendix： Some Computer Algebra Projects
16 Modules of Differentials
16.1 Computation of Differentials
16.2 Differentials and the Cotangent Bundle
16.3 Colimits and Localization
16.4 Tangent Vector Fields and Infinitesimal Morphisms
16.5 Differentials and Field Extensions
16.6 Jacobian Criterion for Regularity
16.7 Smoothness and Generic Smoothness
16.8 Appendix： Another Construction of Kahler Differentials
16.9 Exercises
Ⅲ Homological Methods
17 Regular Sequences and the Koszul Complex
17.1 Koszul Complexes of Lengths I and 2
17.2 Koszul Complexes in General
17.3 Building the Koszul Complex from Parts
17.4 Duality and Homotopies
17.5 The Koszul Complex and the Cotangent Bundle of Projective Space
17.6 Exercises
18 Depth， Codimension， and Cohen-Macaulay Rings
18.1 Depth
18.2 Cohen-Macaulay Rings
18.3 Proving Primeness with Serres Criterion
18.4 Flatness and Depth
18.5 Some Examples
18.6 Exercises
19 Homological Theory of Regular Local Rings
19.1 Projective Dimension and Minimal Resolutions
19.2 Global Dimension and the Syzygy Theorem
19.3 Depth and Projective Dimension： The Auslander-Buchsbaum Formula
19.4 Stably Free Modules and Factoriality of Regular Local Rings
19.5 Exercises
20 Free Resolutions and Fitting Invariants
20.1 The Uniqueness of Free Resolutions
20.2 Fitting Ideals
20.3 What Makes a Complex Exact?
20.4 The Hilbert-Burch Theorem
20.5 Castelnuovo-Mumford Regularity
20.6 Exercises
21 Duality， Canonical Modules， and Gorenstein Rings
21.1 Duality for Modules of Finite Length
21.2 Zero-Dimensional Gorenstein Rings
21.3 Canonical Modules and Gorenstein Rings in Higher Dimension
21.4 Maximal Cohen-Macaulay Modules
21.5 Modules of Finite Injective Dimension
21.6 Uniqueness and (Often) Existence
21.7 Localization and Completion of the Canonical Module
21.8 Complete Intersections and Other Gorenstein Rings
21.9 Duality for Maximal Cohen-Macaulay Modules
21.10 Linkage
21.11 Duality in the Graded Case
21.12 Exercises
Appendix 1 Field Theory
A1.1 Transcendence Degree
A1.2 Separability
A1.3 p-Bases
Appendix 2 Multilinear Algebra
A2.1 Introduction
A2.2 Tensor Products
A2.3 Symmetric and Exterior Algebras
A2.4 Coalgebra Structures and Divided Powers
A2.5 Schur Functors
A2.6 Complexes Constructed by Multilinear Algebra
Appendix 3 Homological Algebra
A3.1 Introduction
Part I： Resolutions and Derived Functors
A3.2 Free and Projective Modules
A3.3 Free and Projective Resolutions
A3.4 Injective Modules and Resolutions
A3.5 Basic Constructions with Complexes
A3.6 Maps and Homotopies of Complexes
A3.7 Exact Sequences of Complexes
A3.8 The Long Exact Sequence in Homology
A3.9 Derived Functors
A3.10 Tor
A3.11 Ext
PartⅡI： From Mapping Cones to Spectral Sequences
A3.12 The Mapping Cone and Double Complexes
A3.13 Spectral Sequences
A3.14 Derived Categories
Appendix 4 A Sketch of Local Cohomology
A4.1 Local Cohomology and Global Cohomology
A4.2 Local Duality
A4.3 Depth and Dimension
Appendix 5 Category Theory
A5.1 Categories， Functors， and Natural Transformations
A5.2 Adjoint Functors
A5.3 Representable Functors and Yonedas Lemma
Appendix 6 Limits and Colimits
A6.1 Colimits in the Category of Modules
A6.2 Flat Modules as Colimits of Free Modules
A6.3 Colimits in the Category of Commutative Algebras
A6.4 Exercises
Appendix 7 Where Next
Hints and Solutions for Selected Exercises
References
Index of Notation
Index
^ 收 起
Advice for the Beginner
Information for the Expert
Prerequisites
Sources
Courses
Acknowledgements
0 Elementary Definitions
0.1 Rings and Ideals
0.2 Unique Factorization
0.3 Modules
Ⅰ Basic Constructions
1 Roots of Commutative Algebra
1.1 Number Theory
1.2 Algebraic Curves and Fhnction Theory
1.3 Invariant Theory
1.4 The Basis Theorem
1.5 Graded Rings
1.6 Algebra and Geometry： The Nullstellensatz
1.7 Geometric Invariant Theory
1.8 Projective Varieties
1.9 Hilbert Functions and Polynomials
1.10 Free Resolutions and the Syzygy Theorem
1.11 Exercises
2 Localization
2.1 Fractions
2.2 Horn and Tensor
2.3 The Construction of Primes
2.4 Rings and Modules of Finite Length
2.5 Products of Domains
2.6 Exercises
3 Associated Primes and Primary Decomposition
3.1 Associated Primes
3.2 Prime Avoidance
3.3 Primary Decomposition
3.4 Primary Decomposition and Factoriality
3.5 Primary Decomposition in the Graded Case
3.6 Extracting Information from Primary Decomposition
3.7 Why Primary Decomposition Is Not Unique
3.8 Geometric Interpretation of Primary Decomposition
3.9 Symbolic Powers and Functions Vanishing to High Order
3.10 Exercises
4 Integral Dependence and the Nullstellensatz
4.1 The Cayley-Hamilton Theorem and Nakayamas Lemma
4.2 Normal Domains and the Normalization Process
4.3 Normalization in the Analytic Case
4.4 Primes in an Integral Extension
4.5 The Nullstellensatz
4.6 Exercises
5 Filtrations and the Artin-Rees Lemma
5.1 Associated Graded Rings and Modules
5.2 The Blowup Algebra
5.3 The Krull Intersection Theorem
5.4 The Tangent Cone
5.5 Exercises
6 Flat Families
6.1 Elementary Examples
6.2 Introduction to Tor
6.3 Criteria for Flatness
6.4 The Local Criterion for Flatness
6.5 The Rees Algebra
6.6 Exercises
7 Completions and Hensels Lemma
7.1 Examples and Definitions
7.2 The Utility of Completions
7.3 Lifting Idempotents
7.4 Cohen Structure Theory and Coefficient Fields
7.5 Basic Properties of Completion
7.6 Maps from Power Series Rings
7.7 Exercises
Ⅱ Dimension Theory
8 Introduction to Dimension Theory
8.1 Axioms for Dimension
8.2 Other Characterizations of Dimension Fundamental Definitions of Dimension Theory
9.1 Dimension Zero
9.2 Exercises
10 The Principal Ideal Theorem and Systems of Parameters
10.1 Systems of Parameters and Ideals of Finite Colength
10.2 Dimension of Base and Fiber
10.3 Regular Local Rings
10.4 Exercises
11 Dimension and Codimension One
11.1 Discrete Valuation Rings
11.2 Normal Rings and Serres Criterion
11.3 Invertible Modules
11.4 Unique Factorization of Codimension-One Ideals
11.5 Divisors and Multiplicities
11.6 Multiplicity of Principal Ideals
11.7 Exercises
12 Dimension and Hilbert-Samuel Polynomials
12.1 Hilbert-Samuel Functions
12.2 Exercises
13 The Dimension of Affine Rings
13.1 Noether Normalization
13.2 The Nullstellensatz
13.3 Finiteness of the Integral Closure
13.4 Exercises
14 Elimination Theory， Generic Freeness， and the Dimension of Fibers
14.1 Elimination Theory
14.2 Generic Preeness
14.3 The Dimension of Fibers
14.4 Exercises
15 GrSbner Bases
15.1 Monomials and Terms
15.2 Monomial Orders
15.3 The Division Algorithm
15.4 Gr5bner Bases
15.5 Syzygies
15.6 History of Gr5bner Bases
15.7 A Property of Reverse Lexicographic Order
15.8 Gr5bner Bases and Flat Families
15.9 Generic Initial Ideals
15.10 Applications
15.11 Exercises
15.12 Appendix： Some Computer Algebra Projects
16 Modules of Differentials
16.1 Computation of Differentials
16.2 Differentials and the Cotangent Bundle
16.3 Colimits and Localization
16.4 Tangent Vector Fields and Infinitesimal Morphisms
16.5 Differentials and Field Extensions
16.6 Jacobian Criterion for Regularity
16.7 Smoothness and Generic Smoothness
16.8 Appendix： Another Construction of Kahler Differentials
16.9 Exercises
Ⅲ Homological Methods
17 Regular Sequences and the Koszul Complex
17.1 Koszul Complexes of Lengths I and 2
17.2 Koszul Complexes in General
17.3 Building the Koszul Complex from Parts
17.4 Duality and Homotopies
17.5 The Koszul Complex and the Cotangent Bundle of Projective Space
17.6 Exercises
18 Depth， Codimension， and Cohen-Macaulay Rings
18.1 Depth
18.2 Cohen-Macaulay Rings
18.3 Proving Primeness with Serres Criterion
18.4 Flatness and Depth
18.5 Some Examples
18.6 Exercises
19 Homological Theory of Regular Local Rings
19.1 Projective Dimension and Minimal Resolutions
19.2 Global Dimension and the Syzygy Theorem
19.3 Depth and Projective Dimension： The Auslander-Buchsbaum Formula
19.4 Stably Free Modules and Factoriality of Regular Local Rings
19.5 Exercises
20 Free Resolutions and Fitting Invariants
20.1 The Uniqueness of Free Resolutions
20.2 Fitting Ideals
20.3 What Makes a Complex Exact?
20.4 The Hilbert-Burch Theorem
20.5 Castelnuovo-Mumford Regularity
20.6 Exercises
21 Duality， Canonical Modules， and Gorenstein Rings
21.1 Duality for Modules of Finite Length
21.2 Zero-Dimensional Gorenstein Rings
21.3 Canonical Modules and Gorenstein Rings in Higher Dimension
21.4 Maximal Cohen-Macaulay Modules
21.5 Modules of Finite Injective Dimension
21.6 Uniqueness and (Often) Existence
21.7 Localization and Completion of the Canonical Module
21.8 Complete Intersections and Other Gorenstein Rings
21.9 Duality for Maximal Cohen-Macaulay Modules
21.10 Linkage
21.11 Duality in the Graded Case
21.12 Exercises
Appendix 1 Field Theory
A1.1 Transcendence Degree
A1.2 Separability
A1.3 p-Bases
Appendix 2 Multilinear Algebra
A2.1 Introduction
A2.2 Tensor Products
A2.3 Symmetric and Exterior Algebras
A2.4 Coalgebra Structures and Divided Powers
A2.5 Schur Functors
A2.6 Complexes Constructed by Multilinear Algebra
Appendix 3 Homological Algebra
A3.1 Introduction
Part I： Resolutions and Derived Functors
A3.2 Free and Projective Modules
A3.3 Free and Projective Resolutions
A3.4 Injective Modules and Resolutions
A3.5 Basic Constructions with Complexes
A3.6 Maps and Homotopies of Complexes
A3.7 Exact Sequences of Complexes
A3.8 The Long Exact Sequence in Homology
A3.9 Derived Functors
A3.10 Tor
A3.11 Ext
PartⅡI： From Mapping Cones to Spectral Sequences
A3.12 The Mapping Cone and Double Complexes
A3.13 Spectral Sequences
A3.14 Derived Categories
Appendix 4 A Sketch of Local Cohomology
A4.1 Local Cohomology and Global Cohomology
A4.2 Local Duality
A4.3 Depth and Dimension
Appendix 5 Category Theory
A5.1 Categories， Functors， and Natural Transformations
A5.2 Adjoint Functors
A5.3 Representable Functors and Yonedas Lemma
Appendix 6 Limits and Colimits
A6.1 Colimits in the Category of Modules
A6.2 Flat Modules as Colimits of Free Modules
A6.3 Colimits in the Category of Commutative Algebras
A6.4 Exercises
Appendix 7 Where Next
Hints and Solutions for Selected Exercises
References
Index of Notation
Index
^ 收 起
目 录内容简介
This book provides an introduction to Lie groups, Lie algebras, and representation theory, aimed at graduate students in mathematics and physics.Although there are already several excellent books that cover many of the same topics, this book has two distinctive features that I hope will make it a useful addition to the literature. First, it treats Lie groups (not just Lie alge bras) in a way that minimizes the amount of manifold theory needed. Thus,I neither assume a prior course on differentiable manifolds nor provide a con-densed such course in the beginning chapters. Second, this book provides a gentle introduction to the machinery of semisimple groups and Lie algebras by treating the representation theory of SU(2) and SU(3) in detail before going to the general case. This allows the reader to see roots, weights, and the Weyl group "in action" in simple cases before confronting the general theory.
The standard books on Lie theory begin immediately with the general case：a smooth manifold that is also a group. The Lie algebra is then defined as the space of left-invariant vector fields and the exponential mapping is defined in terms of the flow along such vector fields. This approach is undoubtedly the right one in the long run, but it is rather abstract for a reader encountering such things for the first time. Furthermore, with this approach, one must either assume the reader is familiar with the theory of differentiable manifolds (which rules out a substantial part of ones audience) or one must spend considerable time at the beginning of the book explaining this theory (in which case, it takes a long time to get to Lie theory proper).
^ 收 起
The standard books on Lie theory begin immediately with the general case：a smooth manifold that is also a group. The Lie algebra is then defined as the space of left-invariant vector fields and the exponential mapping is defined in terms of the flow along such vector fields. This approach is undoubtedly the right one in the long run, but it is rather abstract for a reader encountering such things for the first time. Furthermore, with this approach, one must either assume the reader is familiar with the theory of differentiable manifolds (which rules out a substantial part of ones audience) or one must spend considerable time at the beginning of the book explaining this theory (in which case, it takes a long time to get to Lie theory proper).
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