Preface F16
Acknowledgments F21
1 On Knowing a Language
Introduction
Defining Language Proficiency
Proficiency and Language Acquisition Theory
Some Research Findings about Oral Proficiency
Issues in Language Proficiency Assessment：Caveats，Clarifications，and New Directions
Defining the Content of Instruction：The Standards forFore~LanguageLearning
Summary：On Knowing a Language
Activities for Review and Discussion
References
2 On Learning a Language
Introduction
Exploring Theories of Language Learning
The Role of Individual Learner Factors in Second—Language Learning
Relating Theory to Practice：Some Considerations
Summary：On Learning a Language
Activities for Review and Discussion
References
3 On Teaching a Language
Orienting Instruction toward Proficiency
The Proficiency Orientation of Existing Methodologies：A PreliminaryAppraisal
Three“Traditional”Methods
Reactions to Audiolingualism：Two Mentalist Perspectives
A Functional Approach：Communicative Language Teaching
Modem Adaptations of the Direct Method
Humanistic Approaches to Language Teaching
Summary：On Teaching a Language
Activities for Review and Discussion
References
4 The Role of Context in Comprehension and Learning
The Importance of Context and Background Knowledge in theComprehension Process：Some TheoreticalConsiderations
Research on the Role of Context in Comprehension
The Role of Computers in Providing Richer Contexts forLanguage Learning
Integrating Language and Content：Immersion and Content-BasedInstruction
Summary：The Role of Context in Comprehension and Learning
Activities for Review and Discussion
References
5 A Proficiency-Oriented Approach to Listening and Reading
A Rationale for Teaching Listening and Reading
Similarities in Listening and Reading
Differences between Spoken and Written Discourse
Integrating Listening，Reading，and the Productive Skills：The Vision of the StandardsforForeignLanguageLearning
Teaching Listening Comprehension
Sample Formats for Listening Comprehension
Teaching Reading Comprehension
Sample Formats for Reading Comprehension
Summary：A Proficiency-Oriented Approach to Listening and Reading
Activities for Review and Discussion
References
6 Developing Oral Proficiency
The Nature of Interlanguage
Planning Instruction for the Development of Oral Proficiency
Responding to the Learner
Summary： Developing Oral Proficiency
Activities for Review and Discussion
References
7 Becoming Proficient in Writing
Approaches to Teaching Writing at the Lower Levels of Proficiency
Expressive Writing at the Intermediate and Advanced Levels： Approaches to Teaching the Composing Process
Summary： Becoming Proficient in Writing
Activities for Review and Discussion
References
8 Teaching for Cultural Understanding
Introduction
Problems in the Teaching of Culture
Definitions， Models， Inventories， and Frameworks： Capturing the Essence of "Culture"
Strategies for Teaching Culture
Summary： Teaching for Cultural Understanding
Activities for Review and Discussion
References
9 Classroom Testing
Introduction
The Case for Hybrid Classroom Tests
Characteristics of Test Items and Item Types
Listening Comprehension Formats
Reading Comprehension Formats
Writing and Mixed-Skills Formats
Guidelines for Creating Contextualized Paper-and-Pencil Tests
Testing Oral Skills
Summary： Classroom Testing
Appendix
Activities for Review and Discussion
References
Epilogue Planning Instruction for the Proficiency-Oriented Classroom
Setting Goals for a Proficiency-Oriented Program
Guidelines for Planning Lessons
Increasing Focus on Students Interests
In Conclusion
Activities for Review and Discussion
References
Appendix A ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines——Speaking Revised 1999
Appendix B Sample Foreign Language Media Evaluation Criteria
Appendix C Samples of Error Coding Procedures for Written Work
Text Permissions
Index
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