旧制度与法国大革命 The State of Society in France Before the Revolution of 1789 [法] 阿·托克维尔 著 英文版原版 经典英语文库入选书目 世界经典文学名著 英语原版无删减
![旧制度与法国大革命 The State of Society in France Before the Revolution of 1789 [法] 阿·托克维尔 著 英文版原版 经典英语文库入选书目 世界经典文学名著 英语原版无删减](https://img3m1.ddimg.cn/85/28/29195581-1_b_1.jpg)
CONTENTS
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE / i
PRELIMINARY NOTICE / iv
BOOK I
CHAPTER I OPPOSING JUDGMENTS PASSED
ON THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AT
ITS ORIGIN. / 3
CHAPTER II THE FUNDAMENTAL AND FINAL
OBJECT OF THE REVOLUTION WAS NOT,
AS HAS BEEN SUPPOSED, THE DESTRUCTION
OF RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY AND THE
WEAKENING OF POLITICAL POWER. / 8
CHAPTER III SHOWING THAT THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION WAS A POLITICAL
REVOLUTION WHICH FOLLOWED THE
COURSE OF RELIGIOUS REVOLUTIONS, AND
THE STATE OF SOCIETY IN FRANCE 2
FOR WHAT REASONS. / 13
CHAPTER IV SHOWING THAT NEARLY THE
WHOLE OF EUROPE HAD HAD PRECISELY
THE SAME INSTITUTIONS, AND THAT
THESE INSTITUTIONS WERE EVERYWHERE
FALLING TO PIECES. / 18
CHAPTER V WHAT WAS THE PECULIAR
SCOPE OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. / 24
BOOK II
CHAPTER I WHY FEUDAL RIGHTS HAD
BECOME MORE ODIOUS TO THE PEOPLE
IN FRANCE THAN IN ANY OTHER
COUNTRY. / 29
CHAPTER II SHOWING THAT ADMINISTRATIVE
CENTRALISATION IS AN INSTITUTION
ANTERIOR IN FRANCE TO THE REVOLUTION
OF 1789, AND NOT THE PRODUCT OF THE
REVOLUTION OR OF THE EMPIRE, AS IS
COMMONLY SAID. / 41
CHAPTER III SHOWING THAT WHAT IS NOW
3 CONTENTS
CALLED ADMINISTRATIVE TUTELAGE WAS
AN INSTITUTION IN FRANCE ANTERIOR
TO THE REVOLUTION. / 52
CHAPTER IV ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTION
AND THE IMMUNITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS
ARE INSTITUTIONS OF FRANCE ANTERIOR
TO THE REVOLUTION. / 64
CHAPTER V SHOWING HOW CENTRALISATION
HAD BEEN ABLE TO INTRODUCE ITSELF
AMONG THE ANCIENT INSTITUTIONS OF
FRANCE, AND TO SUPPLANT WITHOUT
DESTROYING THEM. / 70
CHAPTER VI THE ADMINISTRATIVE HABITS
OF FRANCE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION. / 75
CHAPTER VII OF ALL EUROPEAN NATIONS
FRANCE WAS ALREADY THAT IN WHICH THE
METROPOLIS HAD ACQUIRED THE GREATEST
PREPONDERANCE OVER THE PROVINCES,
AND HAD MOST COMPLETELY ABSORBED
THE WHOLE EMPIRE. / 87
CHAPTER VIII FRANCE WAS THE COUNTRY
IN WHICH MEN HAD BECOME THE MOST
ALIKE. / 93
THE STATE OF SOCIETY IN FRANCE 4
CHAPTER IX SHOWING HOW MEN THUS
SIMILAR WERE MORE DIVIDED THAN EVER
INTO SMALL GROUPS, ESTRANGED FROM
AND INDIFFERENT TO EACH OTHER. / 98
CHAPTER X THE DESTRUCTION OF POLITICAL
LIBERTY AND THE ESTRANGEMENT OF
CLASSES WERE THE CAUSES OF ALMOST
ALL THE DISORDERS WHICH LED TO THE
DISSOLUTION OF THE OLD SOCIETY OF
FRANCE. / 116
CHAPTER XI OF THE SPECIES OF LIBERTY
WHICH EXISTED UNDER THE OLD
MONARCHY, AND OF THE INFLUENCE OF
THAT LIBERTY ON THE REVOLUTION. / 129
CHAPTER XII SHOWING THAT THE
CONDITION OF THE FRENCH PEASANTRY,
NOTWITHSTANDING THE PROGRESS OF
CIVILISATION, WAS SOMETIMES WORSE IN
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY THAN IT HAD
BEEN IN THE THIRTEENTH. / 143
CHAPTER XIII SHOWING THAT TOWARDS THE
MIDDLE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY MEN
OF LETTERS BECAME THE LEADING
5 CONTENTS
POLITICAL MEN OF FRANCE, AND OF THE
EFFECTS OF THIS OCCURRENCE. / 162
CHAPTER XIV SHOWING HOW IRRELIGION
HAD BECOME A GENERAL AND DOMINANT
PASSION AMONGST THE FRENCH OF
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, AND WHAT
INFLUENCE THIS FACT HAD ON THE
CHARACTER OF THE REVOLUTION. / 174
CHAPTER XV THAT THE FRENCH AIMED AT
REFORM BEFORE LIBERTY. / 185
CHAPTER XVI SHOWING THAT THE REIGN
OF LOUIS XVI. WAS THE MOST PROSPEROUS
EPOCH OF THE OLD FRENCH MONARCHY,
AND HOW THIS VERY PROSPERITY
ACCELERATED THE REVOLUTION. / 198
CHAPTER XVII SHOWING THAT THE FRENCH
PEOPLE WERE EXCITED TO REVOLT BY THE
MEANS TAKEN TO RELIEVE THEM. / 210
CHAPTER XVIII CONCERNING SOME
PRACTICES BY WHICH THE GOVERNMENT
COMPLETED THE REVOLUTIONARY
EDUCATION OF THE PEOPLE OF
FRANCE. / 219
THE STATE OF SOCIETY IN FRANCE 6
CHAPTER XIX SHOWING THAT A GREAT
ADMINISTRATIVE REVOLUTION HAD
PRECEDED THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION,
AND WHAT WERE THE CONSEQUENCES IT
PRODUCED. / 225
CHAPTER XX SHOWING THAT THE
REVOLUTION PROCEEDED NATURALLY
FROM THE EXISTING STATE OF
FRANCE. / 237
SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER ON THE
PAYS D'ÉTATS, AND ESPECIALLY ON THE
CONSTITUTIONS OF LANGUEDOC. / 247
BOOK III
CHAPTER I OF THE VIOLENT AND UNDEFINED
AGITATION OF THE HUMAN MIND AT THE
MOMENT WHEN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
BROKE OUT. / 263
CHAPTER II HOW THIS VAGUE PERTURBATION
OF THE HUMAN MIND SUDDENLY BECAME
IN FRANCE A POSITIVE PASSION, AND WHAT
7 CONTENTS
FORM THIS PASSION AT FIRST
ASSUMED. / 274
CHAPTER III HOW THE PARLIAMENTS
OF FRANCE, FOLLOWING PRECEDENT,
OVERTHREW THE MONARCHY. / 280
CHAPTER IV THE PARLIAMENTS DISCOVER
THAT THEY HAVE LOST ALL AUTHORITY,
JUST WHEN THEY THOUGHT THEMSELVES
MASTERS OF THE KINGDOM. / 303
CHAPTER V ABSOLUTE POWER BEING
SUBDUED, THE TRUE SPIRIT OF THE
REVOLUTION FORTHWITH BECAME
MANIFEST. / 310
CHAPTER VI THE PREPARATION OF THE
INSTRUCTIONS TO THE MEMBERS OF THE
STATES-GENERAL DROVE THE CONCEPTION
OF A RADICAL REVOLUTION HOME TO THE
MIND OF THE PEOPLE. / 324
CHAPTER VII HOW, ON THE EVE OF THE
CONVOCATION OF THE NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY, THE MIND OF THE NATION
WAS MORE ENLARGED, AND ITS SPIRIT
RAISED. / 328
THE STATE OF SOCIETY IN FRANCE 8
NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. / 333
FOOTNOTES / 449
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE / i
PRELIMINARY NOTICE / iv
BOOK I
CHAPTER I OPPOSING JUDGMENTS PASSED
ON THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AT
ITS ORIGIN. / 3
CHAPTER II THE FUNDAMENTAL AND FINAL
OBJECT OF THE REVOLUTION WAS NOT,
AS HAS BEEN SUPPOSED, THE DESTRUCTION
OF RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY AND THE
WEAKENING OF POLITICAL POWER. / 8
CHAPTER III SHOWING THAT THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION WAS A POLITICAL
REVOLUTION WHICH FOLLOWED THE
COURSE OF RELIGIOUS REVOLUTIONS, AND
THE STATE OF SOCIETY IN FRANCE 2
FOR WHAT REASONS. / 13
CHAPTER IV SHOWING THAT NEARLY THE
WHOLE OF EUROPE HAD HAD PRECISELY
THE SAME INSTITUTIONS, AND THAT
THESE INSTITUTIONS WERE EVERYWHERE
FALLING TO PIECES. / 18
CHAPTER V WHAT WAS THE PECULIAR
SCOPE OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. / 24
BOOK II
CHAPTER I WHY FEUDAL RIGHTS HAD
BECOME MORE ODIOUS TO THE PEOPLE
IN FRANCE THAN IN ANY OTHER
COUNTRY. / 29
CHAPTER II SHOWING THAT ADMINISTRATIVE
CENTRALISATION IS AN INSTITUTION
ANTERIOR IN FRANCE TO THE REVOLUTION
OF 1789, AND NOT THE PRODUCT OF THE
REVOLUTION OR OF THE EMPIRE, AS IS
COMMONLY SAID. / 41
CHAPTER III SHOWING THAT WHAT IS NOW
3 CONTENTS
CALLED ADMINISTRATIVE TUTELAGE WAS
AN INSTITUTION IN FRANCE ANTERIOR
TO THE REVOLUTION. / 52
CHAPTER IV ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTION
AND THE IMMUNITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS
ARE INSTITUTIONS OF FRANCE ANTERIOR
TO THE REVOLUTION. / 64
CHAPTER V SHOWING HOW CENTRALISATION
HAD BEEN ABLE TO INTRODUCE ITSELF
AMONG THE ANCIENT INSTITUTIONS OF
FRANCE, AND TO SUPPLANT WITHOUT
DESTROYING THEM. / 70
CHAPTER VI THE ADMINISTRATIVE HABITS
OF FRANCE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION. / 75
CHAPTER VII OF ALL EUROPEAN NATIONS
FRANCE WAS ALREADY THAT IN WHICH THE
METROPOLIS HAD ACQUIRED THE GREATEST
PREPONDERANCE OVER THE PROVINCES,
AND HAD MOST COMPLETELY ABSORBED
THE WHOLE EMPIRE. / 87
CHAPTER VIII FRANCE WAS THE COUNTRY
IN WHICH MEN HAD BECOME THE MOST
ALIKE. / 93
THE STATE OF SOCIETY IN FRANCE 4
CHAPTER IX SHOWING HOW MEN THUS
SIMILAR WERE MORE DIVIDED THAN EVER
INTO SMALL GROUPS, ESTRANGED FROM
AND INDIFFERENT TO EACH OTHER. / 98
CHAPTER X THE DESTRUCTION OF POLITICAL
LIBERTY AND THE ESTRANGEMENT OF
CLASSES WERE THE CAUSES OF ALMOST
ALL THE DISORDERS WHICH LED TO THE
DISSOLUTION OF THE OLD SOCIETY OF
FRANCE. / 116
CHAPTER XI OF THE SPECIES OF LIBERTY
WHICH EXISTED UNDER THE OLD
MONARCHY, AND OF THE INFLUENCE OF
THAT LIBERTY ON THE REVOLUTION. / 129
CHAPTER XII SHOWING THAT THE
CONDITION OF THE FRENCH PEASANTRY,
NOTWITHSTANDING THE PROGRESS OF
CIVILISATION, WAS SOMETIMES WORSE IN
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY THAN IT HAD
BEEN IN THE THIRTEENTH. / 143
CHAPTER XIII SHOWING THAT TOWARDS THE
MIDDLE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY MEN
OF LETTERS BECAME THE LEADING
5 CONTENTS
POLITICAL MEN OF FRANCE, AND OF THE
EFFECTS OF THIS OCCURRENCE. / 162
CHAPTER XIV SHOWING HOW IRRELIGION
HAD BECOME A GENERAL AND DOMINANT
PASSION AMONGST THE FRENCH OF
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, AND WHAT
INFLUENCE THIS FACT HAD ON THE
CHARACTER OF THE REVOLUTION. / 174
CHAPTER XV THAT THE FRENCH AIMED AT
REFORM BEFORE LIBERTY. / 185
CHAPTER XVI SHOWING THAT THE REIGN
OF LOUIS XVI. WAS THE MOST PROSPEROUS
EPOCH OF THE OLD FRENCH MONARCHY,
AND HOW THIS VERY PROSPERITY
ACCELERATED THE REVOLUTION. / 198
CHAPTER XVII SHOWING THAT THE FRENCH
PEOPLE WERE EXCITED TO REVOLT BY THE
MEANS TAKEN TO RELIEVE THEM. / 210
CHAPTER XVIII CONCERNING SOME
PRACTICES BY WHICH THE GOVERNMENT
COMPLETED THE REVOLUTIONARY
EDUCATION OF THE PEOPLE OF
FRANCE. / 219
THE STATE OF SOCIETY IN FRANCE 6
CHAPTER XIX SHOWING THAT A GREAT
ADMINISTRATIVE REVOLUTION HAD
PRECEDED THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION,
AND WHAT WERE THE CONSEQUENCES IT
PRODUCED. / 225
CHAPTER XX SHOWING THAT THE
REVOLUTION PROCEEDED NATURALLY
FROM THE EXISTING STATE OF
FRANCE. / 237
SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER ON THE
PAYS D'ÉTATS, AND ESPECIALLY ON THE
CONSTITUTIONS OF LANGUEDOC. / 247
BOOK III
CHAPTER I OF THE VIOLENT AND UNDEFINED
AGITATION OF THE HUMAN MIND AT THE
MOMENT WHEN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
BROKE OUT. / 263
CHAPTER II HOW THIS VAGUE PERTURBATION
OF THE HUMAN MIND SUDDENLY BECAME
IN FRANCE A POSITIVE PASSION, AND WHAT
7 CONTENTS
FORM THIS PASSION AT FIRST
ASSUMED. / 274
CHAPTER III HOW THE PARLIAMENTS
OF FRANCE, FOLLOWING PRECEDENT,
OVERTHREW THE MONARCHY. / 280
CHAPTER IV THE PARLIAMENTS DISCOVER
THAT THEY HAVE LOST ALL AUTHORITY,
JUST WHEN THEY THOUGHT THEMSELVES
MASTERS OF THE KINGDOM. / 303
CHAPTER V ABSOLUTE POWER BEING
SUBDUED, THE TRUE SPIRIT OF THE
REVOLUTION FORTHWITH BECAME
MANIFEST. / 310
CHAPTER VI THE PREPARATION OF THE
INSTRUCTIONS TO THE MEMBERS OF THE
STATES-GENERAL DROVE THE CONCEPTION
OF A RADICAL REVOLUTION HOME TO THE
MIND OF THE PEOPLE. / 324
CHAPTER VII HOW, ON THE EVE OF THE
CONVOCATION OF THE NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY, THE MIND OF THE NATION
WAS MORE ENLARGED, AND ITS SPIRIT
RAISED. / 328
THE STATE OF SOCIETY IN FRANCE 8
NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. / 333
FOOTNOTES / 449
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