柬埔寨华文教育规划与政策研究

　　 
　　Contents
　　Abstract ii
　　Acknowledgements iii
　　Contents iv
　　List of Tables ix
　　List of Figures xi
　　List of Abbreviations xiii
　　Chapter 1: Introduction 1
　　1.1 The context of this study 1
　　1.1.1 Background of the researcher 1
　　1.1.2 Research context and rationale 4
　　1.2 Aims of the thesis 8
　　1.3 Layout of this thesis 9
　　Chapter 2: Language Planning and Policy (LPP) 12
　　2.1 Chapter overview 12
　　2.2 Terminologies: Language Planning and Language Policy 12
　　2.2.1 Language Planning 12
　　2.2.2 Language Policy 15
　　2.3 Frameworks for language planning 17
　　2.4 Language planning and policy in Cambodia since 1993 (the Constitutional Monarchy Period) 23
　　2.5 A brief review of the history of Chinese language education in Cambodia 26
　　2.6 The changes of Chinese identity and Chinese language education in Cambodia: forming, struggling, fading and rebirth 29
　　2.6.1 The forming of Chinese identity and the early Chinese education in Cambodia 29
　　2.6.2 The struggling of Chinese identity and the restrictions on Chinese education from World War II to the Cambodian pre-civil war 31
　　2.6.3 The concealment of Chinese identity and the fading of Chinese education during the Cambodian civil war 32
　　2.6.4 The rebirth of Chinese identity and the revitalization of Chinese language education since 1990s 33
　　2.6.5 Conclusion 35
　　2.7 Summary 35
　　Chapter 3: Language-in-education Planning (LEP) 37
　　3.1 Chapter overview 37
　　3.2 Language-in-education Planning (LEP): Educational change in language planning 37
　　3.2.1 Terminology 37
　　3.2.2 Kaplan and Baldauf’s Language-in-education Planning Framework 39
　　3.3 The status quo of Mandarin Chinese education in Cambodia 43
　　3.4 The debate about Heritage Language Education (HLE) and Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages (TCSOL) 48
　　3.5 Research on Mandarin Chinese education planning in Southeast Asia: Large-scale surveys and Small-scale case studies 51
　　3.5.1 Large-scale studies 51
　　3.5.2 Small-scale studies 57
　　3.5.3 Summary of relevant research 60
　　3.6 Summary 61
　　Chapter 4: Policy intention and teachers’ beliefs 62
　　4.1 Chapter overview 62
　　4.2 Policy intention and implementation 62
　　4.3 Teachers’ beliefs 64
　　4.3.1 Definitions 64
　　4.3.2 Factors may influence teachers’ beliefs 65
　　4.4 Mandarin Chinese teachers’ pedagogical beliefs and professional development 69
　　4.4.1 Research on TCSOL teachers of China 69
　　4.4.2 Research on indigenous Chinese language teachers in Southeast Asian countries 73
　　4.5 Summary 77
　　4.6 Overall summary of literature 77
　　Chapter 5: Methodology 78
　　5.1 Chapter overview 78
　　5.2 Research questions 78
　　5.3 Theoretical framework of this study 79
　　5.3.1 Epistemology: Constructionism 79
　　5.3.2 Theoretical perspective: Interpretivism 80
　　5.3.3 Research paradigm: Qualitative 81
　　5.4 Research methodology: case study 82
　　5.4.1 Rationale for using case study in this research 82
　　5.4.2 Multiple case studies in this research 83
　　5.5 Researcher’s positionality and reflexivity in this study 84
　　5.6 Data collection 87
　　5.6.1 The phase of preparation 88
　　5.6.2 Pilot 93
　　5.6.3 Main research-fieldwork 96
　　5.7 Data analysis 103
　　5.7.1 Data management 103
　　5.7.2 Document analysis 105
　　5.7.3 Thematic analysis 107
　　5.8 Ethics 111
　　5.9 Trustworthiness 113
　　5.9.1 Credibility 113
　　5.9.2 Transferability 115
　　5.9.3 Dependability 116
　　5.9.4 Confirmability 116
　　5.10 Summary 117
　　Chapter 6: Results Part One- Introduction of Profiles 118
　　6.1 Chapter overview 118
　　6.2 Profiles of the participating Chinese schools 118
　　6.2.1 Case study one-School X 118
　　6.2.2 Case study two-School Y 121
　　6.2.3 Conclusion of school profiles 123
　　6.3 Profiles of the participants in the interview of this study 126
　　6.3.1 Profiles of policymakers 126
　　6.3.2 Profiles of Mandarin Chinese teachers 127
　　6.4 Profiles of the participants in the classroom observation of this study 131
　　6.5 Conclusion 134
　　Chapter 7: Results Part Two- Findings regarding Policy and School Practice 135
　　7.1 Chapter overview 135
　　7.2 Findings from policy documents 135
　　7.2.1 National language educational policies of Cambodia 136
　　7.2.2 Educational policies issued by the FKCC 140
　　7.3 Findings- School policy and school practice 151
　　7.3.1 Case study one: School X 152
　　7.3.2 Case study two: School Y 157
　　7.3.3 Conclusion of cross-case synthesis 161
　　7.4 Summary 163
　　Chapter 8: Results Part Three- Themes from the study 164
　　8.1 Chapter overview 164
　　8.2 Theme One: The FKCC’s educational reform policies 164
　　8.2.1 Sub-theme one: Teachers’ views on the FKCC’s
　　curriculum reform policy 165
　　8.2.2 Sub-theme two: Teachers’ views on the FKCC’s policy regarding teacher cooperation 170
　　8.2.3 Sub-theme three: Teachers’ views on the FKCC’s policy of the expansion of Khmer students’ enrolment 174
　　8.2.4 Conclusion of Theme One 177
　　8.3 Theme Two: The FKCC’s assigned textbook of “Huawen” (Chinese Literacy) 177
　　8.4 Theme Three: The classroom teaching 183
　　8.4.1 Sub-theme one: The use of Khmer language in class 183
　　8.4.2 Sub-theme two: The focus and methods in classroom teaching 196
　　8.4.3 Conclusion of Theme Three 203
　　8.5 Theme Four: The evaluation system of students’ learning achievement 204
　　8.5.1 Sub-theme one: Teachers’ views on student examination arrangements 204
　　8.5.2 Sub-theme two: Teachers’ views on students’ engaging in the FKCC Composition Competition 208
　　8.5.3 Sub-theme three: Teachers’ beliefs of how to evaluate students’ learning success 211
　　8.6 Theme Five: Professional development and training 214
　　8.6.1 Sub-theme one: Indigenous teachers’ dilemma for professional development 217
　　8.6.2 Sub-theme two: The training needs of teachers from China for Cambodia-focused TCSOL 221
　　8.6.3 Conclusion of Theme Five 227
　　8.7 Summary 227
　　Chapter 9: Results Part Four- Factors Influencing Teachers’ Beliefs 228
　　9.1 Chapter overview 228
　　9.2 Teachers’ past educational background 228
　　9.3 Teachers’ understanding of Chinese school
　　education in Cambodia 231
　　9.3.1 Indigenous teachers’ understanding of Chinese
　　school education: heritage education or the teaching of subject knowledge
　　through Mandarin Chinese 231
　　9.3.2 Hanban teachers’ understanding of Chinese school education: TCSOL 233
　　9.4 Teachers’ training and teaching experience 234
　　9.4.1 More teaching experience but less training in TCSOL of indigenous teachers 236
　　9.4.2 More experience in teaching Chinese as L1 but less training in TCSOL of COEA teachers 237
　　9.4.3 More training in TCSOL but less teaching experience of Hanban teachers 238
　　9.5 School profiles and educational resources 239
　　9.5.1 School X: City heritage Chinese school with high proportion of ethnic Chinese students 239
　　9.5.2 School Y: Rural Chinese school rooted in local Khmer community with high proportion of Khmer students 241
　　9.6 The policy intention of the FKCC 244
　　9.7 Summary 245
　　Chapter 10: Discussion and Conclusion 247
　　10.1 Chapter overview 247
　　10.2 Key findings of this research 247
　　10.2.1 Research question 1: How does the FKCC implement Mandarin Chinese education lanning and policy (MCPP) at Chinese school level of Cambodia? 247
　　10.2.2 Research question 2: What are different groups of Mandarin Chinese teachers’ pedagogical beliefs and perceptions regarding the FKCC’s MCPP in Chinese schools of Cambodia? 253
　　10.2.3 Research question 3: What are possible factors influencing Mandarin Chinese teachers’ pedagogical beliefs and perceptions? 258
　　10.3 The extension of Kaplan and Baldauf’s LEP framework (2003) in the planning of Mandarin Chinese education in Chinese schools of Cambodia 262
　　10.3.1 The LEP frameworks used by the FKCC 262
　　10.3.2 Challenges in the LEP frameworks used by the FKCC 272
　　10.3.3 Recommendations and suggestions 275
　　10.4 Conclusion of this study 280
　　10.5 Contributions of this study 281
　　10.5.1 The original contributions to research areas 281
　　10.5.2 Triangulated research methods and analysis 283
　　10.6 Limitations of this study 284
　　10.7 Implications for future research 287
　　10.8 Closing remarks 289
　　References 291
　　  
　　 
　　 
　　 
　　 

　　张悦，山西晋中人，学者、教师、文旅人、专栏作家，毕业于英国班戈大学教育科学学院，教育学博士，伦敦大学亚非学院访问学者，世界汉语教学学会会员，国家汉办优秀汉语教师，国家汉办“最美汉语志愿者”，教*部大学生年度人物奖，中山大学九十周年校庆“感动中大校友人物”候选人，柬埔寨柬华理事总会颁发的优秀汉语教师荣誉，并取得中国语合中心认证的国际中文教师资格证，作为汉语教师代表在时任中国人大委员长吴邦国访问柬埔寨期间受到委员长接见。现为山西晋中学院中文系讲师，研究方向为国际中文教育、语言规划与政策研究、东南亚华侨华人社会、中文作为祖语及二语传承研究等。曾发表《柬埔寨的华教社团及其对华文教育的影响》、《语言教育规划视域下柬埔寨华校教育的转型与发展》、《19世纪以来柬埔寨华文教育的轨迹与华人身份认同的变迁》、Language-in-education planning in Chinese schools in Cambodia等中英文论文十余篇。参与世界海外华人研究学会年会、亚太地区国际汉语教学学会年会、北京大学世界汉语研讨会、中国东南亚研究会年会、世界汉语教学学会年会、欧洲汉语教学协会年会等国际学术会议，并发表会议论文十余篇。《情牵湄公河》《金边的日与夜》《一支粉笔闯天下》《我在湄公河边做汉语教师的日子》《十月盛放》等数十篇专栏文章刊登于柬埔寨《柬华日报》、《星洲日报》、《华商日报》和《金边晚报》等海外华文报刊。    

　　柬埔寨华校教育的历史距今已有一百多年，随着“一带一路”战略实施、中柬各领域合作不断推进，社会各领域的中文学习需求持续高涨。柬埔寨华校教育的对象由华人后裔为主体逐渐转变为柬埔寨裔学生、华人后裔和新华侨后代共同组成的学习群体。作为柬埔寨华校教育的规划者，柬华理事总会对华文教育的定位和规划方向决定着华校教育以何种姿态嵌入柬埔寨社会，以及以何种方式保持和传承华语及族群文化的问题。本书聚焦于柬华理事总会对华校教育的规划和政策，通过对华校实施教育规划的主体——华校领导与汉语教师的教育信念与实施策略进行探索和分析，呈现出柬埔寨华文教育现存的问题及转型与发展的趋势。其他国家华文教育的发展历程各异，但很多海外华校和华人社区同样面临新时期华文教育转型的问题，以谋求在所在国的生存和发展。因此，柬埔寨的个案对海外华人社会和海外华文教育研究具有普遍参考价值。